A basic Schaffer paragraph begins with the topic sentence—starting with a topic and an opinion, what the paragraph is about, then followed by a concrete detail, two commentary sentences, and a closing sentence. This is called a one-chunk body paragraph and is the most basic Schaffer model.
How to Write Schaffer Paragraph
How to Write Schaffer Paragraph. The Jane Schaffer paragraph is usually composed of five sentences, and each sentence has a specific function. Arranged according to their sequence, these sentences are: Topic Sentence (TS), Concrete Detail (CD), Commentary (CM), Commentary (M), and Concluding Sentence (CS). In writing a Schaffer paragraph, keep in mind several things: do not write in first person, there can be more than five sentences in one paragraph for as long as there are two (2) Commentaries for every Concrete Detail, and always use the present tense.
Topic Sentence (TS)
The TS introduces the primary point of the paragraph. It tells the reader what you will be discussing. Thus, your TS should be direct to the point so that your reader will easily understand your topic. In some cases, this sentence is called the Thesis Statement.
Concrete Detail (CD)
The CD is a sentence that states evidence, facts, illustrations, examples, and other supporting statements for the topic sentence. The CD typically begins with any one of these "signal" words: for example, as a matter of fact, or for instance.
Commentary (CM)
The CM provides the analysis, opinion, or interpretation. It is the sentence that shows how the CD is linked to the TS. The CM is basically your personal take.
Concluding/Closing Sentence (CS)
The CS summarizes the whole point of the paragraph while serving as a transition sentence for the next paragraph. A common way to start a CS is by using the "signal" phrase as a result, therefore, or in effect.
Remember, the sentences in a Schaffer paragraph follow this sequence: TS --> CD --> CM --> CM --> CS.
The Schaffer method is a research-based writing formula commonly taught in middle and high school settings. The multi-paragraph essay structure was coined by Jane Schaffer in an effort to provide students and teachers with a consistent and proven formula for constructing essays. The method is backed by Schaffer's own research on the most effective means of crafting an essay as well as the best techniques to use in order to generate high paper scores.
Schaffer's format ensures that each paragraph is fully developed by designating specific types of sentences, a set number for these sentences (5-8 to be exact) and a specific order when composing them. In addition to these details the Schaffer method also suggest approximately how many words should go in each section as well as the ratio or sentence distribution depending on the type of paper that is being written.
The schaffer paragraph
When writing an essay using the Schaffer method, effective paragraph construction is essential. And the key terms to remember in doing so are concrete detail and commentary. These are two of the five basic sentence types that are to be included in Schaffer's paragraph format. This method calls for the following order of sentence writing; (a) topic sentence (b) concrete detail (c) two commentary sentences (d) and a concluding sentence. And as mentioned earlier there may be some variants with this as well as changes in the order of the sentences (for example, two detail sentences and then a concrete sentences) based on the subject or type of essay.
And though this formula is generally introduced and utilized amongst high school students, others may also benefit from it as well (possibly if faced with a blank page and no idea where to start!). But like many formulas, with specific guidelines and structures, you may be tempted to ask the questions; All of this for an essay? What's the benefit?
Excellent benefits of the Schaffer method
Though often criticized for stifling creativity and limiting many aspects of student writing, formulaic writing methods such as the five-paragraph-essay or the Schaffer method definitely have their share of benefits as well. With the Schaffer method in particular some features do stand out; which make it a desirable writing tool for students and teachers alike. A few are mentioned below.
- Since the formula breaks down the key sentences in every paragraph it really forces students to hone in on the most important parts of any essay. They can separate the important points of their essay from any 'fluff' that they may gather up when writing. It also helps to take away any type of ambiguity or confusion surrounded around grading; the student knows exactly what the teacher is looking for and what to do in order to correct a poor score.
- The method is also especially useful for inexperienced students that may find it difficult to put together an essay or really any form of writing (*this is by far may be the greatest advantage it offers). The instructions are plain and simple and hard to misinterpret.
- The distinction between 'commentary' sentences and 'concrete' ones really helps students to understand that essays are made up evidential support such as facts and raw data and a writer's input such as evaluations, 'comments', or states and claims.
Likewise, the placement of the commentary sentences after the concrete ones also indicates to students that it's necessary for them to evaluate or expand upon the evidence that they present and not to just leave it 'in the air' for the audience to decipher its relevance on their own.
Understanding Schaffer's terminology
When constructing an essay following the Schaffer method, by choice or due to the request of an instructor, it's important to understand the exact meaning of each of term that Schaffer utilizes. Though some are obvious, some may need a little clarification. The following terms relate to Schaffer's paragraph structure and are listed in the order that they should appear when written.
1. Topic Sentence
The topic sentence of a paragraph is simply the main idea and should reflect the primary concept or message that is being conveyed. The topic sentence of the essay differs in that it is being used to introduce the entire essay and therefore may be broader, but should still be connected to the thesis statement or central purpose/objective of the essay.
2. Concrete Detail
The concrete detail that is provided after the topic sentence is simply a statement that supports what was previously mentioned. It may include several things and is essentially a fact, or something know to be true as it relates to the topic. For instance, for a concrete detail you may choose to provide...
- Statistics
- Direct quotes
- Paraphrases
- Plot references
- Illustrations
- Examples
- Or other researched facts
Along with providing supportive evidence the concrete detail sentence should also be properly written. Meaning that the detail is not simply placed alone in the paragraph. Its a good idea to first introduce it by providing a signal or transitional phrase. Examples can be seen below (these can be placed directly in front of your concrete detail);
- For instance
- For example
- To illustrate
- Illustrated with
- In this case
- Specifically
3. Commentary
The third sentence that is used with this formula refers to the author's opinion or evaluation of the concrete detail that was presented. There can be several commentary lines depending on the length of your paragraphs. The commentary sentences should not introduce any new evidence but rather work with the information that has already been provided by analyzing, interpreting, and expanding upon it. The main objective of the commentary is to explain how the evidence supports the writer's primary point, argument or objective. So along with interpreting this information more detail can be also be extracted by looking at 'deeper issues' that may be present for instance, trying to understand the true meaning of it, or even looking at it in a more abstract or alternative manner (depending on the nature of the subject).
4. Concluding Sentence
Finally, each paragraph should end with a formal conclusionary statement. Your conclusion statement should properly synthesize all of the information in the paragraph and relate back to the topic sentence. The conclusion sentence of a paragraph should be insightful but does not have to be as comprehensive as the ones found in the conclusion of an essay. Likewise, a good conclusion sentence should also be a connecting one; therefore it will sufficiently prepare the reader for the next topic sentence that is to come.
Color-Coded Outline / Jane Schaffer Essay
Introduction Paragraph
- Topic sentence (your hook!)
- Information about body paragraph 1 / background
- Information about body paragraph 2 / background
- Information about body paragraph 3 / background
- In-text Citation(s) if research included.
- Thesis (this is only 1 sentence long and sums up what your essay is about)
Your introduction paragraph should inform the reader of exactly what you are going to be writing about. There should be no surprises within your essay that take you off the topics that you have listed above.
Body Paragraph 1 – This is what you stated in sentence 3 in the introduction paragraph. Don’t get off topic!
- Topic sentence
- Concrete detail #1(this is your example/fact) In-text Citation
- Commentary (this is your one – two sentence explanation of the concrete detail and how it relates to your thesis/topic)
- Concrete detail #2 (this is your example/fact) In-text Citation
- Commentary (this is your one-two sentence explanation of the concrete detail and how it relates to your thesis/topic)
- Closing/Wrap sentence (brings the paragraph to a close and relates all information back to your thesis; restates topic sentence in a new/different way.
Body Paragraph 2 – This is what you stated in sentence 4 in the introduction paragraph. Don’t get off topic!
- Topic sentence
- Concrete detail #1(this is your example/fact) In-text Citation
- Commentary (this is your one-two sentence explanation of the concrete detail and how it relates to your thesis/topic)
- Concrete detail #2 (this is your example/fact) In-text Citation
- Commentary (this is your one-two sentence explanation of the concrete detail and how it relates to your thesis/topic)
- Closing/Wrap sentence (brings the paragraph to a close and relates all information back to your thesis; restates topic sentence in a new/different way.
Body Paragraph 3 – This is what you stated in sentence 5 in the introduction paragraph. Don’t get off topic!
- Topic sentence
- Concrete detail #1(this is your example/fact) In-text Citation
- Commentary (this is your one-two sentence explanation of the concrete detail and how it relates to your thesis/topic)
- Concrete detail #2 (this is your example/fact) In-text Citation
- Commentary (this is your one-two sentence explanation of the concrete detail and how it relates to your thesis/topic)
- Closing/Wrap sentence (brings the paragraph to a close and relates all information back to your thesis; restates topic sentence in a new/different way.
Conclusion Paragraph
- Restate thesis statement (Try to flip flop the wording and restate your thesis differently. DO NOT restate it word for word)
- Cover your main points rom your body paragraphs [or] make a universal statement and relate your topics to our world today. This is not the place to introduce new research!
- Write a final statement about your topic that sums up what your essay was about. Try to make this a profound statement that will leave your reader in ‘awe’ of your essay.
Other Possible Body Paragraph Outline
Body Paragraph
- Topic sentence
- Concrete detail #1(this is your example/fact) In-text Citation
- Commentary to CD #1(this is your explanation of the concrete detail and how it relates to your thesis/topic)
- Commentary to CD #1
- Concrete detail #2 (this is your example/fact) In-text Citation
- Commentary to CD #2 (this is your explanation of the concrete detail and how it relates to your thesis/topic)
- Commentary to CD #2 (this is your explanation of the concrete detail and how it relates to your thesis/topic)
- Closing/Wrap sentence (brings the paragraph to a close and relates all information back to your thesis; restates topic sentence in a new/different way.
“More Money Words” for transitions –
- In addition to, *This is important because *This shows…
- For example, *Further,
- Therefore,
- However,
